jojoba oil

Introduction about jojoba

Jojoba is the name given to the plant and its products, such as the fruit, seeds and oil. The jojoba bush (Simmondsiachinensis) is a hardy plant: it thrives in harsh desert regions with very dry climates and large temperature fluctuations between day and night. The jojoba bush receives water and nutrients from its roots, which extend several feet into the ground. A dense plant grows tough pale green leaves all year round. In its natural habitat, it can grow up to 5 meters tall and live for 200 years! The jojoba bush is also known by many other names. It is also called wild hazelnut and coffee berry because the fruits are initially green and then turn brown with time.

jojoba oil

Jojoba oil is a mild oil that can be applied directly to the skin. It may have several health benefits, including moisturizing the skin and acting as an antioxidant. Jojoba fruits contain jojoba seeds: about one and a half centimeters long and one-centimeter-high, they resemble peanuts, but are dark brown and slightly wrinkled. Their spectacular appearance hides a hidden secret: the jojoba oil obtained by pressing the seeds is a valuable cosmetic superhero! Centuries ago, indigenous peoples began using jojoba seeds to make a healing and nourishing balm.

Technically speaking, jojoba oil is not an oil, but the only natural wax that has a melting point of seven degrees Celsius and is considered a liquid. Another impressive fact: because jojoba oil does not contain triglycerides, it can be stored for a quarter of a century without rancidity! Jojoba oil, which is clear, golden yellow and has a delicate aroma, is not suitable for use as a cooking oil, but is perfectly designed to extend the shelf life of hair and skin care products. Take care of your skin and hair: jojoba oil naturally protects hair from light. Gives you some level of protection against harmful UV rays without synthetic ingredients! The jojoba plant is an abundant perennial that grows in North America. Not only does it thrive in the harsh desert climate that can kill most living things, but it also produces a nut that has many medicinal properties.

 The oil can be made from the nut of the jojoba plant. Jojoba oil is mild enough to use as a carrier oil with extra essential oils. You can also use it as is. Many people use this oil as part of their skin care routine. And there are good reasons for that. There is a lot of evidence to support the use of pure jojoba oil to treat acne, dry skin and many other skin conditions.

Chemical Constituents of jojoba

 Jojoba oil is almost 98% pure waxes (mainly wax esters, small free fatty acids, alcohols and hydrocarbons), sterols and vitamins with little triglyceride esters, which is why it is widely known as a liquid wax rather than an oil or fat.

Fat-Soluble Vitamins

Vitamin D and its derivatives, e.g. α-, γ-, and δ-tocopherols were isolated and quantified in the oil, with γ-tocopherol accounting for approximately 79% of these compounds. There are other fat-soluble vitamins, such as vitamin A.

 Reproduction of jojoba

Each plant is dioecious and hermaphrodites are extremely rare. The fruit is an acorn-shaped, ovoid, triangular capsule, 1–2 centimeters (0.39–0.79 in) long, partially surrounded by sepals at the base. Ripe seed is hard oval, dark brown and contains about 54% oil (liquid wax). A medium-sized bush produces 1 kilogram of pollen, to which few people are allergic. Female plants produce seeds from pollinated flowers of male plants. Jojoba leaves have an aerodynamic shape that creates a spiral effect that brings pollen from the male flower to the female flower. In the northern hemisphere, pollination takes place in February and March. In the southern hemisphere, pollination takes place in August-September.

Cultivation of jojoba 

Jojoba plantations have been established in several desert and semi-desert regions, mainly in Argentina, Australia, Israel, Mexico, Peru and the United States. It is currently the most economically valuable native plant of the Sonoran Desert (surpassed only by Washingtonia filifera California fan, which are used as ornamentals). Jojoba prefers light, coarse-textured soils. Good drainage and water permeability are important. It tolerates salinity and poor soil. The pH of the soil should be among 5 and 8. Jojoba can withstand high temperatures, but cold can damage or kill the plants. Requirements are minimal, so jojoba plants do not require intensive cultivation. Weed problems occur only in the first two years after planting and insect damage is minimal. Supplementary irrigation can maximize production when rainfall is less than 400 mm. It is not necessary to fertilize much, but especially in the first year, nitrogen increases growth. Jojoba is usually harvested by hand because not all seeds ripen at the same time. Depending on the age of the plantation, the yield is around 3.5 t/ha.

Selective breeding develops plants that produce more beans with a higher wax content and other characteristics that make harvesting easier. Its ability to tolerate high salt concentrations of up to 12 ds [m−1 at pH 9) (plant odeci Siemens or ECe salt tolerance) and the high value of jojoba products make jojoba an interesting plant to combat desertification. It was used to combat and prevent desertification in the Thar Desert in India.

 Physical Characters of the jojoba oil

Crude jojoba oil, obtained directly from the seeds or by cold pressing or solvent extraction, without modification, gives a golden yellow or pale yellow oil. It has a pleasant, slightly nutty taste. The thermal and oxidation stability of the oil is high; therefore, the oil has a high resistance to rancidity due to the presence of natural antioxidants (α, γ and δ tocopherol). Refined or bleached oil obtained by passing natural oil over activated carbon and treatment with basic alkali is almost white and has low oxidation stability due to subsequent removal of antioxidants. Both the natural and bleached forms have high thermal stability as evidenced by a high flash point of 295°C. The viscosity of the oil favors the use of the oil and/or its derivatives as an extreme temperature/pressure lubricant.

Chemical Properties of the jojoba Oil 

Jojoba molecules contain two double bonds at the ω-9 position on both the alcohol and acid sides, separated by an ester bond. Although in typical vegetable oils the double bonds are usually close; in jojoba molecules, they are distant and uneven from the center. These chemical modifications provide a wide range of polymers with different properties that could be good candidates for industrial applications, especially related polyhydroxyurethane polymers, which are discussed in detail.

Pharmacological Uses of the jojoba Oil

The skin surface softening effects are represented by the stretch ability or flexibility of the surface. These changes contribute to the overall softness of the skin and allow it to stretch and adapt to movement without creating cracks and tears on the surface, which are perceived as flaking. This surface flexibility changes rapidly in response to the use of water or known softeners. Several studies have been conducted to evaluate the penetration, slip, and clogging of various emollients, including jojoba oil and fully hydrogenated jojoba oil, in various pharmaceutical skincare products. Jojoba oil derivatives have been found to have excellent lubricating properties. Hydrogenated jojoba oil has also been shown to have a faster penetration rate and good occlusive properties.

Affect of the jojoba Oil

We highlight one of the most economically important crops, jojoba. Although limited phytochemical work has previously been done with various plant extracts, the composition of liquid wax obtained by direct seed expression has been extensively studied. This plant seems to be the source of golden oil that is very similar in structure to spermaceti wax, which is used in many pharmaceutical products. It is traditionally used for many skin and scalp ailments. Seed cake is safe for food use and has many uses in the food industry due to its high fat and protein content. Much of the previous biological work was aimed at proving the purported emollient effect and then extended to evaluate the anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic properties of the oil. In addition, the plant has shown significant activity as an antibacterial and antiviral agent. Interestingly, the plant extract shows promise in antidiabetic and ant hypercholesterolemia. In conclusion, the jojoba tree is an attractive source for the development of new drugs that can be identified and characterized with new biochemical, physicochemical and biological tools.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

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